The Three Gorges Dam is a hydroelectric dam
that spans the Yangtze River by the town of Sandouping, located in Yiling
District, Yichang, Hubei province, China. The Three Gorges Dam is the world's
largest power station in terms of installed capacity (22,500 MW). The dam is
the largest operating hydroelectric facility in terms of annual energy
generation, generating 83.7 TWh in 2013 and 98.8 TWh in 2014, while the annual
energy generation of the Itaipú Dam in Brazil and Paraguay was 98.6 TWh in 2013
and 87.8 in 2014.
Except for a ship lift, the dam project was
completed and fully functional as of July 4, 2012, when the last of the main
water turbines in the underground plant began production. Each main water
turbine has a capacity of 700 MW. The dam body was completed in 2006. Coupling
the dam's 32 main turbines with two smaller generators (50 MW each) to power
the plant itself, the total electric generating capacity of the dam is 22,500
MW.
As well as producing electricity, the dam is
intended to increase the Yangtze River's shipping capacity and reduce the
potential for floods downstream by providing flood storage space. The Chinese
government regards the project as a historic engineering, social and economic
success, with the design of state-of-the-art large turbines, and a move toward
limiting greenhouse gas emissions. However, the dam flooded archaeological and
cultural sites and displaced some 1.3 million people, and is causing
significant ecological changes, including an increased risk of landslides. The
dam has been a controversial topic both domestically and abroad.
In 2011, China admitted the dam had created
"problems." Environmentalists were more explicit, criticizing the
floating layers of algae and garbage that were now common in the landlocked
reservoir and the frequent landslides on the banks.
The Chinese government has a history of
launching massive efforts to improve upon nature, knocking down mountains to
build new cities and rerouting rivers to generate power and supply water to its
increasingly urban population. Perhaps the most grandiose -- and controversial
-- effort was the construction of the Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze River.
The enormous project includes a dam for flood
control, a giant lock for carrying ships up and down river, and 26
hydroelectric power generators. When it was approved in 1992, then-Vice Premier
Zou Jiahua told the National People's Congress that it would cost $8.35 billion
to build. But the project's budget quickly spiraled out of control, in part
because the government had to find homes for 1.3 million people whose towns and
villages were flooded by the rerouting of the river. By the time that the dam
was completed in 2006, the price tag had more than quadrupled to a
mind-boggling $37 billion.
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